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Behavioral Ecology Vol. 12 No. 3: 348-352
© 2001 International Society for Behavioral Ecology

Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies

Lee Alan Dugatkin

Department of Biology, Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA

Address correspondence to L.A. Dugatkin. E-mail: lee.dugatkin{at}louisville.edu .

Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate "bystander effects." When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists' fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., {alpha} to {delta} when N = 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future.

Key words: aggression, bystander, observer, hierarchy, dominance.


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Home page
 Behav EcolHome page
L. A. Dugatkin and R. L. Earley
Group fusion: the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in large groups
Behav. Ecol., May 1, 2003; 14(3): 367 - 373.
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