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Behavioral Ecology Vol. 15 No. 2: 278-285
Behavioral Ecology vol. 15 no. 2 © International Society for Behavioral Ecology 2004; all rights reserved

Uncertainty in territory quality affects the benefits of usurpation in a Mediterranean wrasse

Suzanne H. Alonzo

Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

Address correspondence to S. H. Alonzo. E-mail: shalonzo{at}ucsc.edu.

Individuals should defend sites when the expected benefits of the territory exceed the cost of defense. However, if territory qulaity is unpredictable or difficult to assess, the expected pattern of territorial behavior is less clear. In a Mediterranean wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus, mating success is skewed with 2% of nesting males getting more than 20% of the spawning success. Yet, variation in mating success is not explained by any known physical characteristic of males or their territories. Instead, females prefer nests with a recent history of mating success because males are less likely to desert the offspring she leaves behind. Thus, territory quality is transient and determined by interactions between the sexes. I measured the frequency of territorial takeovers and the uncertainty in mating success among days at a nest. Observations indicated that S. ocellatus males usurped their neighbor's successful nests when males were unsuccessful and larger than their successful neighbor. Sites that achieved mating success had a significantly higher probability (0.84) of remaining sucessful between consecutive days than unsuccessful territories had of becoming successful (0.30). Unsuccessful males obtained higher and more certain fitness returns if they usurped a successful neighbor's territory. Interactions within and between the sexes drive uncertainty in success, which influences territorial behavior in this species.

Key words: territoriality, stochasticity, labridae, sexual conflict, assessment.


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S. H. Alonzo and K. L. Heckman
The unexpected but understandable dynamics of mating, paternity and paternal care in the ocellated wrasse
Proc R Soc B, January 7, 2010; 277(1678): 115 - 122.
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