Behavioral Ecology Advance Access originally published online on December 5, 2006
Behavioral Ecology 2007 18(2):292-297; doi:10.1093/beheco/arl082
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Effect of color vision phenotype on the foraging of wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus
a Department of Anthropology, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA b Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Address correspondence to N.J. Dominy. E-mail: njdominy{at}ucsc.edu.
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Abstract |
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New World monkeys exhibit a color vision polymorphism. It results from allelic variation of the single-locus middle-to-long wavelength opsin gene on the X chromosome. Females that are heterozygous for the gene possess trichromatic vision. All other individuals possess dichromatic vision. The prevailing hypothesis for the maintenance of the color vision polymorphism is through a consistent fitness advantage to heterozygous trichromatic females. Such females are predicted to be more efficient than dichromats when detecting and selecting fruit. Recent experiments with captive callitrichid primates provided support for this hypothesis by demonstrating that color vision phenotype affects behavioral responses to contrived food targets. Yet, the assumptions that trichromatic females acquire more calories from fruit, or that number of offspring is linked to caloric intake, remain untested. Here, we assess if, in the wild, heterozygous trichromatic individuals in a group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) enjoy an energetic advantage over dichromats when foraging on fruit. Contrary to the assumptions of previous theoretical and experimental studies, our analysis of C. capucinus foraging behavior shows that trichromats do not differ from dichromats in their fruit or energy acquisition rates. For white-faced capuchins, the advantage of trichromatic vision may be related to the detection of predators, animal prey, or fruit under mesopic conditions. This result demonstrates the importance of using a fitness currency that is relevant to individual animals to test evolutionary hypotheses.
Key words: frugivory, M/L cone opsin polymorphism, primates, trichromatic vision.
Received 21 December 2005; revised 21 August 2006; accepted 2 November 2006.
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