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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access originally published online on February 16, 2009
Behavioral Ecology 2009 20(3):490-500; doi:10.1093/beheco/arp023
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Modeling rule-based behavior: habitat selection and the growth-survival trade-off in larval cod

T. Kristiansena, C. Jørgensenb, R. G. Loughc, F. Vikebøa and Ø. Fiksenb

a Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway b Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway c Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

Address correspondence to T. Kristiansen who is now at Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. E-mail: trond.kristiansen{at}imr.no.


  Abstract

Environmental variation can cause significant fluctuations in the survival of larval fish and plankton. Understanding these fluctuations is critical for developing more accurate fisheries models, which are needed for both scientific and socioeconomic research. Growth, survival, and dispersal of marine planktonic larvae rely strongly on their behavior. Larval fish change their vertical positioning due to strong vertical gradients in light, temperature, predation pressure, and prey availability. Here, we explore how various behavioral rules predict vertical distribution, growth, and survival of larval cod (Gadus morhua) in a numerical model. The rules determine the trade-offs between larval growth, feeding rate, and predation rate, including their dependence on gut fullness and body mass. We evaluated the survival through size classes for different rules and random behavior and compared model predictions with observed larval distribution patterns. The rules predicted the correct average depth position with larval size, but failed to predict the timing of the observed vertical distribution pattern. However, model simulations revealed significant increases in survival for larval and juvenile cod with active behavior compared with larvae with random behavior. Behavior was important across all sizes of fish, and this study illustrates the value or added information of incorporating behavior in biophysical models.

Key words: behavioral heuristics, diel vertical migration, individual-based model, larval cod, trade-off.

Received 14 July 2008; revised 9 January 2009; accepted 14 January 2009.


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