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© 1994 International Society for Behavioral Ecology

research-article

Experiments with Elasmucha grisea L. (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae): does a female parent bug lay as many eggs as she can defend?

Johanna Mappes and Arja Kaitala

Department of Biology, University of Jyvaskyla PO Box 35 FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

ABSTRACT

Females of the parent bug Elasmucha grisea L. (Acanthosomatidae, Heteroptera) defend eggs and small nymphs against invertebrate predators. Predation is the main mortality factor affecting offspring numbersin this species. Since we found a positive correlation between female size and clutch size we tested the hypothesis that a female parent bug lays as many eggs as she can defend. We manipulated clutch size by removing small and large females from their own eggs and giving them another clutch. Small femalesguarding large clutches lost significantly more eggs than large females guarding small clutches or females in the two control groups. Large females could defend, on average, 16% more eggs against invertebrate predators (mainly ants) than could small females. We conclude that an ecological factor (predation) limits lutch size in this species and the parent bug lays an optimal clutch size as determined by the defending ability of the female.

Key words: clutch size, egg defense, Elasmucha grisea, parent bug.


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