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© 1998 International Society for Behavioral Ecology

research-article

Intraspecific brood mixing and reduced polyandry in a maternal mouth-brooding cichlid

Karen A. Kellogga,, Jeffrey A. Markertb, Jay R. Stauffer, Jr.a and Thomas D. Kocherb

aSchool of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA bDepartment of Zoology, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824, USA

ABSTRACT

Microsatellite loci were used to evaluate the level of polyandry and intraspecific brood mixing in Protomelas c.f. spilopterus, a paedophagous, maternal mouth-brooding cichlid from Lake Makawi Africa. We found that broods were fertilized by one to three males, which was a reduced level of multiple paternity compared to other mouth-brooding cichlids. Low density of breeding males and the risk of intraspecific predation are likely explanations for reduced polyandry. Intraspecific brood-mixing was found in four out of the six broods examined, with the proportions of foreign fry ranging from 6% to 65%. The potential origins of brood mixing are discussed, although no firm conclusions can be drawn given the limited behavioral observations for this species.

Key words: cichlids, foreign fry, intraspecific brood mixing, Lake Malawi, microsatellites, mouth brooding, multiple paternity, Protomelas.


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