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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on February 13, 2008
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arm162
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Conspicuousness, not eye mimicry, makes "eyespots" effective antipredator signals

Martin Stevens, Chloe J. Hardman and Claire L. Stubbins

Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK

Address correspondence to M. Stevens. E-mail: ms726{at}cam.ac.uk.


  Abstract

Many animals bear colors and patterns to reduce the risk of predation from visually hunting predators, including warning colors, camouflage, and mimicry. In addition, various species possess paired circular features often called "eyespots," which may intimidate or startle predators preventing or postponing an attack. Most explanations for how eyespots work assert that they mimic the eyes of the predators own enemies. However, recent work has indicated that spots may reduce the risk of predation based purely on how conspicuous they are to a predator's visual system. Here, we use a field technique involving artificial prey marked with stimuli of various shapes, numbers, and sizes, presented to avian predators in the field, to distinguish between the eye mimicry and conspicuousness theories. In 3 experiments, we find that the features which make effective antipredator wing markings are large size and higher numbers of spots. Stimuli with circles survived no better than those marked with other conspicuous shapes such as bars, and changing the spatial construction of the spots to increase the level of eye mimicry had no effect on the protective value of the spots. These experiments support other recent work indicating that conspicuousness, and not eye mimicry, is important in promoting avoidance behavior in predators and that eyespots on real animals need not necessarily, as most accounts claim, mimic the eyes of other animals.

Key words: antipredator, conspicuousness, eyespots, mimicry, predation, vision.

Received 6 August 2007; revised 7 November 2007; accepted 19 December 2007.


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