Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on June 17, 2008
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arn063
Predator-induced reductions in nest visitation rates are modified by forest cover and food availability
a Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden b Population Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden c Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
Address correspondence to S. Eggers. E-mail: sonke.eggers{at}ekol.slu.se.
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Abstract |
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Bird parents can alert predators to the location of their nest. One mitigating option is that parents reduce their nest visitation rate in exchange for a lower predation risk. Here, using field data and experiments, we show that Siberian jay Perisoreus infaustus parents adjust feeding visit rates depending on an interaction of 3 factors: predator activity, nest concealment, and food availability. The rate of nest visits increased with the degree of nest concealment; yet, this relationship was modified by the presence of corvid predators. As the vegetation became more dense, parents at sites with high corvid activity disproportionately increased their feeding visit rates when compared with birds at sites with low corvid activity. We experimentally assessed how nesting cover affects this response of parents to the presence of corvids by using an Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius model. Parents nesting at open sites ceased nest visits, whereas those nesting in dense forest continued feeding, albeit at a lower rate. Cover may thus not fully compensate for the effect of predator activity on feeding visit rates. However, offspring exposed to high predator activity might still receive the same amount of food because parents may adjust load sizes to compensate. This idea was confirmed by an experiment showing that in areas of high predator activity, food-supplemented birds significantly decreased nest visits when compared with nonsupplemented birds. These results indicate that some bird species can employ multiple nest-defense strategies to reduce predator-attracting nest visits; yet, these strategies may carry fitness consequences through reduced offspring quality.
Key words: life history, nest activity, nest predation, parental care, phenotypic plasticity, provisioning strategy.
Received 29 November 2007; revised 8 May 2008; accepted 15 May 2008.