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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on August 19, 2009
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arp114
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Reproductive energetics in free-living female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

Carson M. Murraya, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorfa, Lynn E. Eberlyb and Anne E. Puseyc

a Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA b Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA c Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

Address correspondence to C.M. Murray. E-mail: cmurray{at}lpzoo.org.


  Abstract

Mammalian females generally carry the bulk of reproductive costs. They gestate for relatively long periods of time and provide the majority of parental care for dependent offspring. For this reason, many studies have examined how females deal with the energetic costs of reproduction. Here, we examine the influence of reproductive state on activity budgets, diet quality, and sociality in free-living female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. After controlling for dominance rank, we found that pregnant and lactating females consumed higher quality foods than nonpregnant, nonlactating females. However, pregnant females also traveled less. This result did not reflect differences in sociality, as the pregnant female group sizes included in our analyses were comparable to those in other reproductive categories.

Key words: chimpanzees, Gombe National Park, lactation, pregnancy, reproductive energetics.

Received 6 August 2008; revised 20 July 2009; accepted 21 July 2009.


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