Behavioral Ecology Vol. 15 No. 3: 477-484
Behavioral Ecology vol. 15 no. 3 © International Society for Behavioral Ecology 2004; all rights reserved
Singing is not energetically demanding for pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca
a School of Biology, Bute Medical Buildings, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK; b Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1050, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
Address correspondence to S. Ward. E-mail: sw29{at}st-andrews.ac.uk.
Male passerine bird song is a classic example of a sexually selected display. Theory predicts that such displays should be costly, but there are few empirical data on the potential costs of bird song. We measured the rate of oxygen consumption by male pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, singing inside a respirometry chamber. Song is known to be important in mate choice by pied flycatchers, so we predicted that if passerine song is energetically costly, we should be able to measure the costs in this species. The metabolic rate of singing pied flycatchers (N = 3) was 0.62 ± 0.11 W, which was equivalent to 2.7 ± 0.5 x basal metabolic rate. Metabolism during singing did not differ significantly from that during standing. A power analysis of this test showed that the metabolic rate of singing birds was less than 1.12 ± 0.04 times that of standing birds. Comparing the maximum cost of song production with daily energy expenditure (DEE) during nestling rearing, each hour of singing rather than standing would increase DEE by 0.4%. Thus, song production appears to be energetically cheap in the pied flycatcher in relation to the overall daily energy budget. However, because birds cannot sing and eat at the same time, there could be an energetic constraint to song duration owing to the need to spend sufficient time foraging.
Key words: energy expenditure, Ficedula hypoleuca, pied flycatcher, song.
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