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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access originally published online on November 15, 2007
Behavioral Ecology 2008 19(1):100-107; doi:10.1093/beheco/arm102
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Getting rid of the cuckoo Cuculus canorus egg: why do hosts delay rejection?

Anton Antonov, Bård G. Stokke, Arne Moksnes and Eivin Røskaft

Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

Address correspondence to A. Antonov. E-mail: anton.antonov{at}bio.ntnu.no.


  Abstract

Egg discrimination is well documented in many hosts of avian brood parasites, but the proximate mechanisms of egg recognition and rejection decisions are poorly understood. Relevant in this respect is the observation that rejectors of parasite eggs often delay their response. This delay has implications for understanding mechanisms important for egg recognition and is the main focus of the present study. We investigated experimentally the relative effects of egg mimicry and eggshell strength of common cuckoo Cuculus canorus eggs on the delay in rejection in marsh warblers Acrocephalus palustris. In addition, by video recording host responses, we elucidate the proximate mechanisms behind the delayed rejections. Host nests were experimentally parasitized with 3 types of real eggs differing in mimicry and/or eggshell strength. Both egg mimicry and eggshell strength significantly affected the time to rejection, but the effect of mimicry was dominant. The delayed rejection of mimetic eggs was explained by the existence of latency to the release of rejection behavior because of recognition problems. Second, when rejection response towards mimetic eggs was initiated, it was less intense compared with hosts experiencing nonmimetic eggs. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that host motivation when confronted with mimetic eggs needs to increase above a certain threshold before rejection behavior is released, which likely minimizes the risk of recognition errors. An additional component of the delay in rejection as shown by hosts facing nonmimetic eggs was the seemingly inefficient host rejection behavior, probably reflecting lack of previous experience.

Key words: brood parasitism, cuckoo, egg recognition, eggshell strength, marsh warbler, mimicry.

Received 13 February 2007; revised 27 September 2007; accepted 30 September 2007.


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