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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on January 25, 2006
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arj042
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received June 14, 2005
Revised January 3, 2006
Accepted January 4, 2006

Article

Indicators of physiological stress and the elaboration of sexual traits in the collared flycatcher

László Zsolt Garamszegi 1 *, Santiago Merino 2, János Török 3, Marcel Eens 1, and Javier Martínez 4

1 Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
2 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
3 Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
4 Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
László Zsolt Garamszegi, E-mail: laszlo.garamszegi{at}ua.ac.be


  Abstract

Stress may have consequences for the evolution of condition-dependent sexual traits. For example, stress may be related to sexual traits through immune function, and sexual traits can reflect how individuals bear the costs of stress-mediated immunosuppression. However, male traits may be directly associated with stress, and such traits would then indicate stress tolerance. Here, we present initial results for the relationship between physiological stress estimated by the levels of heat shock proteins (HSP60 and HSP70) and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and the elaboration of sexual traits, such as forehead and wing patch size and song features in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Males producing longer and more versatile songs had significantly higher levels of HSP70, but other traits were unrelated to stress. In general, effect sizes for the relationship between stress and sexual traits had broad confidence intervals and varied between being small and medium effects. Immunoglobulin levels, leukocyte abundance, haemoparasite prevalence, male age, and date and time effects did not affect the relationship between stress and sexual traits. These preliminary results, serving a basis for further experimental studies indicate that the relationship between sexual traits and stress does not seem to be strong, but stress may partially constrain the expression of some sexual traits.

Keywords: bird song; blood parasites; collared flycatcher; heat shock proteins; immunity; sexual selection.
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