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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on April 17, 2006
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arj064
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received September 16, 2005
Revised January 23, 2006
Accepted February 28, 2006

Article

Predator-elicited visual signal: why the turquoise-browed motmot wag-displays its racketed tail

Troy G. Murphy 1 *

1 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Troy G. Murphy, E-mail: tgm3{at}cornell.edu


  Abstract

Both sexes of the turquoise-browed motmot (Eumomota superciliosa) perform a wag-display in the presence of predators, whereby their long racketed tail is repeatedly rocked side-to-side in a pendulous fashion. I tested 3 hypotheses for the function of the predator-elicited wag-display: 1) pursuit-deterrent signal, 2) warning alarm signal, and 3) self-preservation alarm signal. These hypotheses were evaluated by testing whether the presence of potential receivers (kin, conspecifics, mate) modified the way in which the wag-display was performed. Data on wag-display were collected when I experimentally presented predators to motmots and when naturally occurring predators were observed at nesting colonies. The wag-display was performed by male and female motmots who were 1) alone and not within signaling distance of conspecifics, 2) unpaired and therefore not signaling to a mate, and 3) paired but away from their mate. Motmots in these contexts performed the wag-display with similar probability and in a similar manner as individuals that were within signaling distance of conspecifics, paired birds, and paired birds who were near their mate. These results support the hypothesis that the predator-elicited wag-display is directed to the predator and functions as a pursuit-deterrent signal.

Keywords: alarm signaling; antipredator behavior; predator-elicited signaling; predator-prey communication; pursuit-deterrent signaling; tail plumage.
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