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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on March 31, 2006
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arj066
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received June 15, 2005
Revised February 13, 2006
Accepted February 28, 2006

Article

Magnitude of food reward affects escape behavior and acceptable risk in Balearic lizards, Podarcis lilfordi

William E. Cooper Jr 1 *, Valentín Pérez-Mellado 2, and Dror Hawlena 3

1 Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
2 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
3 Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
William E. Cooper Jr, E-mail: cooperw{at}ipfw.edu


  Abstract

During encounters with predators, prey must balance the degree of risk against the loss of fitness-enhancing benefits such as feeding and social activities. Most studies of tradeoffs between risk and cost of escaping have measured flight initiation distance and time to emerge from refuge, for which theory provides robustly supported predictions. Tradeoffs involving other aspects of encounters, including distance fled and time between escape and return to a food source, have received little theoretical or empirical attention. By adapting models of flight initiation distance and time between entry into refuge and emergence, we predict effects of predation risk and cost on distance fled and time to return to a source of benefit after fleeing. Acting as simulated predators that approached at a fixed speed, we conducted an experimental field study to test the hypotheses that flight initiation distance, distance fled, and time to return to food by Balearic lizards (Podarcis lilfordi) decrease with the presence and amount of insect food. Predictions of the models were strongly supported, including those for distance fled and return time, but predictions for other cost factors and predation risk factors remain to be tested.

Keywords: antipredatory behavior; approach distances; escape behavior; flight initiation distance; Squamata.
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