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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on July 12, 2006
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arl022
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received June 13, 2005
Revised March 1, 2006
Accepted June 8, 2006

Article

Potential risks of olfactory signaling: the effect of predators on scent marking by beavers

Frank Rosell 1 * and Jørn Ingar Sanda 2

1 Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Telemark University College, N-3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
2 Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Science, N-1432 Aas, Norway

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Frank Rosell, E-mail: frank.rosell{at}hit.no


  Abstract

Mammals scent mark their territories to advertise occupancy and ownership. However, signaling with scent for territorial defense can have a negative effect by advertising an individual's presence and location to predators. In this study, we measured responses to a simulated territorial intrusion by conspecific adult male Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) either in the localized presence or in the absence of odor of a predator to test the hypothesis that the territorial defense of free-living beavers would be disrupted by the presence of predation risk in their natural environment. We predicted that beavers would significantly reduce their willingness to countermark intruder's scent in the presence of the scent of predators (wolf [Canis lupus] and lynx [Lynx lynx]), compared with a control (no odor), as responses are in general stronger to predator scent marks than nonpredator scent. Therefore, we also predicted that the effects of nonpredatory mammal scent (neophobic control) (eland [Taurotragus oryx] and horse [Equus cabalus]) are to be expected somewhere in between the effects of the predator odor and a control. Our results suggest that both predator and nonpredator scents reduce beavers response to a simulated intruder's scent mounds and therefore disrupt their territorial defense. However, predator scent had a stronger effect than nonpredator scent. Beavers may therefore be at great risk on territories with predators present because of the trade-off between predator avoidance and territorial defense. Our study demonstrates the potential of predation risk as a powerful agent of counterselection on olfactory signaling behavior.

Keywords: Castor fiber; chemical communication; predation risk; scent marking; signals; territorial.
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