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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on September 29, 2006
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arl053
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received November 29, 2005
Revised April 9, 2006
Accepted May 26, 2006

Article

Trapline foraging by bumble bees: IV. Optimization of route geometry in the absence of competition

Kazuharu Ohashi 1 *, James D. Thomson 2, and Daniel D'Souza 3

1 Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3GS; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
2 Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3GS
3 6214 Ford Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5V 1X2

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Kazuharu Ohashi, E-mail: kohashi{at}ies.life.tsukuba.ac.jp


  Abstract

Foraging on resources that are fixed in space but that replenish over time, such as floral nectar and pollen, presents animals with the problem of selecting a foraging route. What can flower visitors such as bees do to optimize their foraging routes, that is, reduce return time or route distance? Some repeatedly visit a set of plants in a significantly predictable sequence (so-called "trapline foraging"), which may also enhance their foraging efficiency. A moderate level of optimization and repetition of foraging routes can be reached by following simple movement rules for choosing the distances and turning angles of successive flights, without the use of spatial memory. If pollinators can learn the locations of patches and choose among possible foraging routes or paths, however, even better performance may be achieved. We tested whether and how bumble bees can optimize and repeat their foraging routes in laboratory experiments with artificial flowers that secreted nectar at a constant rate. With increasing experience, foraging routes of bees became more repeatable and efficient than expected from a combination of simple movement rules between successive flowers. We suggest that trapline foraging is a more sophisticated pattern of spatial use than searching and is based on memory. On the other hand, certain spatial configurations of flowers hampered optimization by the bees; bees preferred to choose short distances over straight moves and showed little plasticity in this regard. Developing an efficient trapline, therefore, may require prior selection of a set of plants with an appropriate spatial configuration.

Keywords: Bombus; Possingham; renewing resource; spatial memory; trapline foraging; traveling salesman.
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K. Ohashi and J. D. Thomson
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