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Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on September 26, 2008
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arn122
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Fecundity compromises attractiveness when pigments are scarce

Judith Moralesa,b, Alberto Velandob and Roxana Torresa

a Laboratorio de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, México DF 04510, México b Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

Address correspondence to J. Morales. E-mail: jmorales{at}uvigo.es.


  Abstract

Theory predicts that the trade-off between ornamentation and fecundity limits female attractiveness. However, there is little evidence on this theoretical trade-off and its proximate background. Our aim was to study whether pigment availability modulates this potential relationship in blue-footed booby females. We supplemented females with dietary carotenoids after laying the first egg and assessed the change in foot color, a carotenoid-based sexually selected trait in both sexes. We measured the change in body mass and in the levels of plasma antioxidants and carotenoids. Also, we registered the mass and volume of eggs. Surprisingly, experimental females reduced zeaxanthin concentration in plasma, but not other carotenoids or total antioxidant levels. Conversely, they increased foot color intensity and laid heavier second eggs and larger second and third eggs than controls. Furthermore, under natural conditions (controls), ornamentation was negatively associated with the mass and volume of second eggs, but the association was reversed under conditions of high carotenoid availability (experimental females). Results suggest that carotenoid availability may mediate the theoretical trade-off between ornamentation and fecundity. We highlight that pigment limitation for females could represent an evolutionary pathway to male choosiness in the blue-footed booby.

Key words: carotenoid pigments, fecundity, female ornamentation, life-history trade-offs, maternal effects, oxidative stress, sexual selection.

Received 5 May 2008; revised 21 August 2008; accepted 25 August 2008.


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