Behavioral Ecology Advance Access published online on January 30, 2009
Behavioral Ecology, doi:10.1093/beheco/arp002
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Sex allocation in response to local resource competition over breeding territories
a Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE75236 Uppsala, Sweden b Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
Address correspondence to M.B. Hjernquist. E-mail: marten.hjernquist{at}ebc.uu.se.
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Abstract |
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Sex allocation according to local resource competition suggests that investment and offspring sex ratio should be biased toward the dispersing sex to limit the competition among the natal philopatric sex. Conversely, when competition over resources is low, parents should allocate more resources toward the philopatric sex. In this study, this reciprocal scenario of sex allocation is tested. More specifically, the effect of breeding territory availability on primary sex ratio is studied in the collared flycatcher, a migratory passerine bird, where males are the natal philopatric sex. As predicted, primary sex ratios were biased toward males in areas where available territories were abundant (estimated from population growth). No relationship between sex ratio adjustment and adult phenotypes as well as date of first egg was found. We discuss potential explanation for the male-biased broods in areas with many vacant territories and low levels of competition. We suggest that sex ratio adjustment in relation to breeding territory quality and availability could be relatively common in birds.
Key words: collared flycatcher, Ficedula, local resource competition, primary sex ratio, sex allocation, territory availability.
Received 3 August 2008; revised 24 November 2008; accepted 11 December 2008.